This book explores the multifaceted relationship between urban environments, anthropic activities, and ecosystem functioning, emphasizing the complexity of contemporary cities. It begins by analyzing the rapid pace of urbanization and its negative impacts on ecosystems, stressing the urgency of sustainable development strategies. The text examines the role of cities in driving climate change, advocating for integrated adaptation and mitigation approaches. In addition, biodiversity loss is addressed through an analysis of anthropogenic pressures, and biodiversity-friendly urban planning approaches and strategies are described. The work emphasizes the relevance of incorporating environmental principles into urban design, highlighting Nature-based Solutions (NbS) as key strategies. It investigates major urban environmental challenges, such as rising temperatures, greenhouse gas emissions, altered precipitation, and pollinator decline, exploring how NbS, particularly vegetation, can mitigate these issues. Relevant parameters and assessment methodologies are discussed to support effective implementation. Then, the book provides a comprehensive overview of design strategies and best practices for fostering urban resilience, reinforcing the need for ecosystem-based approaches to urban planning. The target audience includes practitioners in the field of urban and architectural design, urban planners, and researchers interested in urban environment design, nature-based solutions, and climate resilience.